Not offended in the slightest, a lot of the stuff IS stupid.
But I'll jump right in here.
As things are, they essentially took whatever planes were in the air. That's how the secretary of Education became the President. For instance, in the miniseries the pilot squawks "Colonial 798 Heavy" - his call sign, then says "Scratch that, this is Colonial One".
The one unifying factor in the fleet ships is that they have the FTL jump drive. They actually left half of the survivors behind to die in the miniseries, there wasn't even time to move the survivors to other ships. The botanical ship in particular, is used to illustrate how dark the show is. Even worse? There's another ship that is the same model... but it has an FTL drive. Dark.
Hell, as they're spooling up the FTL drives, you can hear the frantic radio calls from ships begging them to come back for them after the danger passes. It won't, and they know it, but they are begging. The very last radio call is an angry lady saying she hopes the fleet that is jumping away will rot in hell.
Galactica was being decommissioned, so they turned off Windows Military Update. So they were immune from the remote shutdown command the cylons used. It's not a Virus, they used a backdoor admin account.
Civilian ships don't get Windows Military update, so anything in the skies was still in the skies.
Politics are a huge part of the Colonial Identity, second only to Religion. It's so important, Roslin won that argument in the miniseries with Adama about how he'll make the military decisions, and she'll make the civilian ones. This is actually a departure from the President being the commander in chief of the military, and it goes to show that Adama can bend. I believe in a later episode, he mentions that using the military as police officers is an extremely dangerous act. Here's the quote:
Zarek is a cockroach, and will exploit anything that gains him more power. He's already got his goon squad of Prisoners, who must have all sorts of criminal education, and have the additional benefit of being completely disposable. When his extremely loyal people get shot, he shrugs and moves on. Hell, the sniper in this episode was thrown away to add Sizzle to the election! Zarek didn't even want Roslin dead, he just wanted everyone to freak out right at vote time.
He's riding a MASSIVE wave of popularity. He's just expended a crapload of workers to deliver Water back to the fleet. Ice mining, we are told, is extremely dangerous in space. We may have lost the Colonial version of Harry Stamper! Plus he's washing their criminal history with that points system. Suggested by the way, by Apollo.
Plus they don't want to pay taxes, ever. Meh, I made that last one up, but it's funny.
His next play is noticing that people are still living like the old days, Rich people move to the more luxurious ships, poor people get sent to the Demetrius, the poop processing ship. Or the cigarette factory ship. Galactica is an Antique, but Cloud 9 is the height of luxury. Apollo even gets to go swimming! I think. Maybe he just wanted to? He talked to starbuck about it anyway.
But Zarek sees opportunity for political strife. You paid that bartender $3 for that smoking martini? What's that money worth without a central bank backing it? Why is the bartender still wearing his uniform and showing up to work when he isn't getting paid? Zarek doesn't have ANSWERS to these questions, but he'll sure as poo use them for political capitol. We learn time and again, Zarek has absolutely no plans for the future, but he really, really wants more power.
Earth is at this point, a pipe dream that both Adama and Roslin are using to keep people moving so they don't just give up. Adama doesn't even believe it exists! Roslin KNOWS earth doesn't exist, and uses it to bargain with Adama. She does hope it exists though, since that whole dying leader bringing the people to earth prophecy from their bible sure does fit nicely with her terminal cancer diagnosis. And the drugs she's smoking to get visions. Yeah... maybe elections ARE a good idea.
So they're stocked up on water, food supplies exist... that's a long term problem they face. In one episode, when walking through a meat locker, the chief points out that they may be walking through the last steaks, ever.
As to all getting dressed up, I'm pretty sure Billy explained they bought luggage in lots, so Roslin goes from having One suit to Three. She's actually pretty jazzed about it.
As to weird ships, a fan favorite is the Zephyr, that spinny wheel ship. I don't think anyone ever goes over there, but it's pretty and memorable.
https://galactica.fandom.com/wiki/ZephyrHuh, the Zephyr was a cruise liner. I did not know that. Plus Apollo could go swimming on it.
Other notable ships that show up include Serenity from Firefly in a blink or you'll miss it cameo in the Pilot (When Roslin learns she has terminal cancer) The friggin Kirk Enterprise (Can be seen in the credits) And the Planet express from Futurama (Miniseries at Ragnar Anchorage, Zarek steals it later on. There are actually three ships of this class)
Holy poo, I just NOW, all these years later realized the Astral Queen is literally Con Air. Does that make Tom Zarek John Malkovich?
Gaius is a legitimate genius, but they try to toss him at every science problem. What the hell does a Cyberneticist and Computer Networking expert know about Genetic Screening?
And his stupid frakkin backpack nuclear powered Cylon detector WORKS. But it is the idiot ball to end all idiot balls. On Midway, the nukes were guarded by a freakin' pillbox in front of the hatch. Cylon detector just chills in a science lab.
The reason Baltar stumbles and bumbles is because James Callis noticed how everyone walked around in a stiff military professional gait, and decided not to do that.
Plus he's a domestic abuse victim... by a ghost. Like he'll be trying to hold a discussion on fleet resource management, and she'll shove her hand down his pants, or he'll scoff at her religion and get his face bashed into a mirror. (I believe that happened in the episode you just watched).
Hell, during the hands down pants incident, he screams "NO!" and Billy makes a joke about him looking a little flushed. And she will do way worse as time goes on. I agree with you, Six is a nasty person.
There is an episode later on about how a black market springs up so that people can continue to dress like they're on their lunch hour at an office park. Hint: Not everyone gives up those clothes willingly. Sizing, obviously would be an issue.
A somewhat more amusing one is that people on vacation are stuck in vacation clothes. Imagine you get assigned to the poop ship, and you're wearing a hawaiian shirt, bathing suit, and flip flops. That would SUCK!
As to the military, if you ever get a chance to visit the Midway in San Diego, do it. They make clothes aboard ship, have a whole department for it. Right next to the Dentist's office.
As for the heels, well, it was a decommissioning ceremony. Everyone was spiffed up. Totally agree it would suck to walk on grating in heels. Holy crap would that suck.